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Social Networking (Internet)
This article deals with the fundamentals and techniques of social networks, as they are familiar with the internet since about 2008. Internet communities and the wider historical sense see online community . For social networks in the sociological research see social network (Sociology)
Social networks on the Internet are Internet communities and Web hosting, network communities. In the case of networks, where users create their own shared content ( user generated content ), refers to this as social media . The world’s largest social network is an estimated 800 million members of Facebook . [1]
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Social networks represent a form of network communities ( online communities ), which technically web applications or portals are shown. In English, there is the more precise concept of social network service (SNS), German terms such as “community portal” or “online network of contacts” are not used very often. The most popular services in Germany are Facebook, Twitter , XING , Google + , Linkedin and schülerVZ / StudiVZ .
Typical functions

The web portals offer their users usually following functions:
Personal profile , with various settings for visibility for members of the community or among the public network of the network
Contact list or address book , including features that allow the references to these other members of the community network (eg friends, acquaintances, colleagues, etc.) can be managed (such as data import from e-mail account or other portals)
Receiving and sending messages to other members (individually, to all, etc.)
Sending and receiving notifications of various events (profile changes, added photos, videos, reviews, call waiting, etc.)
Blogs and micro-blogging and publishing capabilities of individual status updates
Search
There are functions that are also in CSCW applications are, however, for this potentially large user groups (global, national, regional, city-wide) designed.
Social networks as an application platform

Some social networks act as a platform for new program functions.
Software developers can add to the portal site to program their own applications, that is, their user interfaces are embedded in the portal.
The necessary programming interfaces and development environments are provided by the Chicago Criminal Lawyer developers.
Examples are:
Facebook social graph , a programming interface for Facebook [2]
MySpace Developer Platform (MDP), a development environment for Myspace [3]
OpenSocial , an API , which spans several social networks [4]
Cross-platform is the Federation of B2B APIs to call.
Study of social networks

Inter alia Networks. Inter alia, play multiplexity and network density play a role. The method developed here can also be used to webometrischen study of Internet use.
It turns out that social networks on their structure, often small-world networks are where the maximum distance between each unit is surprisingly low (“six degrees of separation”).
Business Model

Social networks are financed by membership fees and various forms of advertising and sponsorship. As users’ willingness to pay is generally low, most operators rely on advertising revenues.
Since the service provider to access the social graph have harbored the network community, so we know which member is in relation to which other members, they have an interesting commercial chiropractic marketing information base for martial arts denver about addressable advertising.
Use

In the spring of 2008 the British took in Europe with 9.6 million users of social networks the most. By 2012 it will be according to an estimate of the information provider Datamonitor be over 27 million users, nearly half of all Britons. That the British are so far forward, leads Datamonitor back to the fact that the offers are usually started with English versions. The people seem to welcome it, according to Datamonitor, especially from home, make contacts and relationships can be maintained.
France was second with 8.9 million, the largest user group of social networks, therefore, Germany followed with 8.6 million in third place. The study forecasts in Germany until 2012, 21.7 million users. The standing fourth in Spain had only 2.9 million users. 41.7 million Europeans were a total of 2008 Denver Divorce Lawyer registered at social networking sites, four years later, according to Datamonitor be 107 million. [5]
To a language problem, the result also lifted out the second worldwide community of operators comes Habbo study prepared for the brand loyalty of young people. The result: 40 percent of the 60,000 young people surveyed in 31 countries believe that social networks are not as important part of their online activities. The Global Habbo Youth Survey , according to one of the main reasons that many of the communities are offered in English. [6]
Also, LinkedIn and Facebook were struggling to break into the German market. Facebook was able to overcome these problems and has grown to the largest social network in Germany in 2009. [7]
Companies are using social networks for Phen375 communication among employees, but also for public relations. My advice service and help them.
Criticism

Criticism of the services depends primarily on:
The publication of private information on the Internet that can lead to personal disadvantages [8] , whether through their own carelessness or safety gaps in service or user. In extreme cases, the data for so-called cyber-bullying can be used.
The use of the social graph and other personal data by the service provider Bankruptcy for commercial purposes. [9]
These problems existed before the introduction of social networks, so have about Microsoft and IBM in 2003, newsgroups and mailing lists evaluated in social terms. [10] Also, you could incur both always been reckless with web publishing disadvantages.
However, never before were so detailed, categorized personal information of users queried and published, as is common in the extensive web forms of today’s social networks. The automated analysis of these data was greatly simplified and strengthened by the above-mentioned problems.
Examples:
1074574 StudiVZ -profile (1.03589 million of them public) were on 9 December 2006 Third systematically evaluated. [11]
Journalists and media services provide in social networks images and information. [12]
In the United States regularly available information on social networks are used in criminal investigations. [13]
Looking at the social networks in their role as an application platform, it was here previously, the development of functionality in the foreground. Meanwhile, one begins to deal with security aspects of the applications there. [14]
Privacy Legal Review

The collection, storage and disclosure of personal data always requires a legal basis (see § 4 BDSG , for example, § 28 BDSG ) or a consent under § 4a BDSG . [15]
A consent under § 4a BDSG can only be issued after the effective data protection laws when it is based on the free decision of an informed user. The problem with social networks, but mainly consists in the fact that the users have agreed to make formal and mostly worry about the dangers and the networks have placed a blind trust.
For a permissible data processing according to § 28 BDSG, the following applies: the data-protection rating and ranking is just beginning. As the social networks and online communities are most likely to compare with clubs and is frequently mentioned by members, gradually Bergmann / Moehrle / Herb [16] the legal relationship between a person concerned and the relevant governing body as a contract-like relationship of trust within the meaning of § 28 para 1 sentence 1 No. 1 BDSG. According to the phase model of the data processing would have been to examine whether the data are affected by the contract-like the relationship of trust in the collection and storage. Here, a strict standard on the question of necessity must be created. Because of purpose is a transmission problem on a regular basis, for a network that is used eg for recreational purposes may not for professional purposes (searches by employers for job applications) to be abused. Generally, you will also be used by search engines rather than have to watch from the contract includes end.
History

Social networks, the functions of the pure Internet forums and chat to go there, since the mid-1990s. As can preform Bulletin Board Systems and the Usenet is considered to exist since the mid to late 1980s.
An early example is the U.S. Founded in 1995, school friends, community Classmates.com . Such sites, however, remained largely a fringe phenomenon. Then in 2003 began a boom in the sector.
In July 2003, MySpace was founded.
In January 2004, Orkut started.
In February 2004, Facebook was launched, initially only for students of Harvard University. Gradually, the network for students of other U.S. universities, high school students and was eventually released to any user outside the United States.
In July 2005, MySpace was for 580 million U.S. dollars from the News Corporation bought.
In November 2005, in Germany, founded the Student Directory studiVZ.
On 9 August 2006 reported 100 million users MySpace.
StudiVZ was acquired in early 2007 by the publishing group Georg von Holtzbrinck, the purchase price was not disclosed. However, the Axel-Springer-Verlag recently failed with a bid of 120 million €. Due to the success in the German speaking countries and the increasing growth of non-students, were started with schülerVZ and meinVZ nearly identical projects with a different target group and also platforms for Spain, Italy, France and Poland lifted out of the baptism, which for lack of success but have since been discontinued.
In October 2007, announced that Google , the OpenSocial initiative to. This made ​​it possible to combine content from different social networks with a single method.
Microsoft bought on 25 October 2007 a ​​share of 1.6 percent of Facebook and it paid 240 million U.S. dollars. Through this transaction, Facebook was worth on paper $ 15 billion dollars. Previously, a similar offer was rejected by Google, and a sum of one billion U.S. dollar that Yahoo! did not want to pay to take on Facebook, be accepted.
In March Relevant Life Policy 2008, AOL , the Internet subsidiary of American Media Group, Time Warner , established in 2005, the social network Bebo for 850 million U.S. dollars (about 545 million euros) purchased. Bebo had the time of the acquisition in his own words about 40 million users and is mainly in the UK popular.
In August 2008, Facebook announced 100 million users, [17] In February 2010, 400 million users, [18] 21 July 2010 a half a billion users. [19]
In November 2010, the first is alpha version of Diaspora , a distributed social network published. [20]
On 28 June 2011 the network launched Google + of Google illinois dui lawyer Inc. (as a competitor to Facebook).
Parallel to the 16th letter forms Century

The social networks of the Internet have parallels to letter shapes, as in the 16th Century Europe were common: “In order to send his messages to the same larger circles, taught the letter-writer to be writing very soon not only to an individual, but in the main, equal to a larger number of sympathizers,” noted the newspaper chronicler Louis Solomon 1906 . [21] were widely used letters, which consisted of two parts: the “intimate” part (the private message in the social network), which was located in a separate envelope inside the larger envelope and addressed only to the addressee, and a loosely into the envelope defined quasi-public part (the message to the “friends” of a social network), which should pass the addressee to friends and peers, if he thought it was interesting (the ” Like “click, social network). About this placement targeted messages to a limited circle arose among the correspondents of the time growing social networks. The semi-public letter components were called Avise, Beylage, Pagelle, Zeddel, Nova and finally, only newspaper . “The form in which the writer reported that newspapers’ their news was almost always the only purely relatorische.” – That is one of the link, nothing hard-researched, but rather a gathering of news and opinions [22]
See also

Graph theory , network theory
Social Software , Social Networking (Sociology)
Dynamic Social Networking System , Photography Social Network
Film

2010, the story of the inventor was filmed by Facebook ( The Social Network ).
Literature

Wanhoff Thomas (2011): Wa (h) re friends – how to change our relationships in online social networks , Oxford University Press , Heidelberg, ISBN 978-3-8274-2783-0 .
Jono Bacon (2009): The Art of Community – Building the New Age of Participation , O’Reilly (PDF, 2.3 MB)
Danah Boyd & Nicole Ellison (2007): Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13 (1), article 11 [4]
Sascha Häusler (2007): Social networks on the Internet. Development, forms and potential for commercial use, VDM Verlag Dr. Müller , Saarbrücken, 2007, ISBN 3-8364-5264-2 .
Torsten Kleinz: AC friends. New Internet services help to weave social networks , in: c’t 18/2004, pp. 84, ISSN 0724-8679
Safe in social communities: Tips for parents , leaflets of klicksafe.de (State Media Authority of Rhineland-Palatinate) 2008
Bleich, Herbert Brown: Social Security. Privacy weaknesses of social networks , in: c’t 7/2010, pp. 114-118

Yahoo (own spelling YAHOO! ) is one of the world’s largest Internet company based in Sunnyvale ( California , United States cash advance ). With over 622 million users worldwide, Yahoo is one of the largest and most successful internet portals with online products and services to residential and business customers. David Filo and Jerry Yang , the company founded in March 1995. The company and the range of courses grew rapidly after that on. In 1996, Yahoo went with 46 employees at the stock exchange . 2009 a total of around 13,500 people working for Yahoo. Yahoo is now represented in 43 countries, the services available in 26 languages.
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In 1994, the founders worked from Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang – at that time PhD at the Faculty of Electronics at the University of Stanford – on a navigation aid for the Internet. The list of the web catalog posted on website then grew rapidly, after which the cheap auto insurance quotes founder of the contents arranged by category. This resulted in an annotated bookmark collection. This laid the foundation for one of the most successful brands on the Internet was down. The site initially launched under the name “Jerry and David’s Guide to the World Wide Web.” In the fall of 1994 over a million requests and 100,000 users were recorded. The following year the company was officially founded Yahoo. In 1995, Yahoo was in a public company converted a year later it took off in the stock market. On 28 Yahoo was in hcg diet plan January 1996 Germany established the German-language portal site on 10 Published in October 1996. The Yahoo Germany GmbH was formed in November 1996 as a joint venture with Softbank Storage Bins (Ziff Davis). In the following years opened up Yahoo more national markets with the opening of its portals in Japan , Britain denver injury lawyer , France (both 1996), Singapore , Australia , Korea , Denmark , Norway , Sweden (both 1997), Italy , Spain (both 1998), People’s Republic China (1999), Argentina , India and Canada (both 2000).
Yahoo is one of the pioneers of the Internet in the 1990s and has greatly benefited from the boom of the new medium. With the growing advertising revenue through online advertising and the increased share price to record levels. With the collapse of the so-called dot-com bubble went 2000/2001 and the massive advertising revenue back. Sales slumped and stagnated in the following quarters.
In this difficult situation and under the new boss Terry Semel , the company changed its business car transport strategy. Until that time, Yahoo had a lot of services like e-mail accounts, online scheduler, etc. offered to users free of charge, to generate the greatest possible number of customer contacts on its pages. Because the more client contacts were realized, the more expensive Yahoo was the banner ads sold on its site. This strategy was also based to the user all the services that he ‘needs’, from a single source in order to retain customers.
Yahoo has expanded its product range and finally offered include paid services. Yahoo bought for this purpose, for example, the job board HotJobs and the photo page Flickr and integrated them into its product line. In addition to a small range of paid content and services, the majority of sales but still generated through advertising and to ensure that users of Yahoo, most products are available free of charge.
Until after the turn of the millennium Yahoo took the datasets from AltaVista, Inktomi, and finally by Google as a basis for its own search engine . In February 2004, but the contracts were terminated with Google. Since then, Yahoo uses its own search algorithms and indices. In order against Google in the search engine sector to make up ground, were on the 7th October 2003, Overture Services (later known as Yahoo Search Marketing ) is a specialist in online search and marketing and 19 March 2003, the search engine Container Store provider Inktomi taken over.
Yahoo rose in 2005 for one billion U.S. dollars in the Chinese online portal operator Alibaba.com one.
On 30 April of 2007, the Yahoo advertising specialists Right Media . The price is said to have stood at 680 million U.S. dollars (500 million €).
In early May 2007, the New York Times of merger talks between Microsoft and Yahoo, but these were unsuccessful.
On 18 June 2007, Yahoo CEO Terry Semel back. The co-founder Jerry Yang took over his position.
End of 2007, Yahoo acquired the global online advertising network BlueLithium for about $ 300 million.
Despite the aborted talks in May 2007, Microsoft on 1 February 2008 announced plans to take over Yahoo for 44 billion U.S. dollars. A similar offer was presented to the shareholders. Yahoo rejected the offer and demanded per share, about nine dollars more. On 4 Chrome Wire Shelving May 2008 Microsoft pulled back the offer. [3]
On 18 November 2008 Jerry Yang resigned as CEO of fender flares Yahoo. [4] On 14 January 2009, the software manager Carol Bartz the office. [5]
In July 2009, a strategic alliance with Microsoft, Yahoo in Internet search. Microsoft’s own search technology and the use of Yahoo, and migrate and develop a new, more powerful search engine. Yahoo’s search technology will also be part of this new search. In addition, responsibility, designed and developed on Yahoo’s own pages, the search continues, so does just the back end search technology to another. The competent authorities in the U.S. and Europe have approved the partnership in February 2010, without conditions, the reaction takes place gradually. [6]
In August 2009 the acquisition of one of the leading online communities followed in the Arab world: Maktoob.com .
On 16 December 2009 was the new Yahoo home page, in Germany at the start. Each user can incorporate from now on his personal pages and services from around the Internet and thus make its own starting point on the web.
In February 2010, Yahoo went a worldwide partnership with the social network Twitter one.
In early March 2010 Yahoo celebrated its 15th anniversary.
Since 8 June 2010, the global integration of Facebook rather than content. People who use both Yahoo and Facebook can link their accounts thereby.
On 6 September 2011 Yahoo separated immediately from their Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Carol Bartz and appointed Chief Financial Officer Timothy Morse, CEO ad interim . [7] Morse was on the 9th January 2012 by Scott Thompson replaced as the permanent CEO. [8] Yang co-founded in early 2012 laid down his seat on the Board and withdrew from the company. [9]
Origin of the name

According to the English [10] and the German company’s website [11] is the name of the Internet portal Yahoo but also an acronym for Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle , but was of the two founders due to the general definition of yahoo as ” rude, unsophisticated, uncouth “( . English is outrageous; primitive [12] , crude) was chosen. The acronym is so fitting to the term was invented, accordingly, a backronym and incorrect acronym . [13]
Financial Data

Sales and profit trends for Yahoo in millions of U.S. dollars [14]
Year Turnover Net profit
or Loss

There are 1.36 billion shares of Yahoo.
The price was 27 May 2010 at 12.57 €.
The market value was thus 13.9 billion euros.
Microsoft offered $ 31 per share in early 2008, but Yahoo declined. [15]
Yahoo’s share was EUR 0.86 in 1997, the peak it reached in early 2000 to € 119.55. [16]
Company founder David Filo today holds six percent of the shares, his colleague Jerry Yang four percent. [17]
Offers

Worldwide serves more than 622 million Yahoo. Its products and services, including Yahoo, for example in Germany, including the Yahoo homepage, Yahoo News, Yahoo Search, Flickr, Yahoo Mail and Yahoo Messenger.
Yahoo, with Yahoo Mail for years a separate free email with unlimited storage space on offer and, with some 300 million users, including five million in Germany, in addition to Hotmail ‘s market leaders in the free-mail providers. A private instant messenger named Yahoo Messenger there since 1998.
Some services from Yahoo appear under their own brand names, such as:
Alltheweb (set on 4 April 2011)
AltaVista
Delicious
Flickr
MyBlogLog (was set on May 24, 2011, and through Yahoo Pulse replaced)
Upcoming
Yahoo under fire

In March 2002, signed more than 300 companies, including Yahoo, a “Public Statement on self-discipline “of the Chinese state . This commit the signatory companies, “no dangerous information to produce, publish or distribute that could harm national security or social stability. ” Yahoo signed uncritically and without finding a compromise, featuring results are not censored (unlike, for example, Google). [18]
Furthermore, the company seems to deliver data about its users to Chinese authorities. Two imprisoned Chinese journalists had brought a lawsuit against Yahoo, because they saw the cause for the arrest and subsequent torture in information disclosure by Yahoo. The lawsuit was settled by an agreement. [19]
Also, Reporters Without Borders criticized Yahoo sharply in 2006 for his alleged role in the arrest of four Chinese dissidents. [20]
The British journalists’ union NUJ has on 2 June 2006 asked their 40,000 members to boycott Yahoo. Reason for the action of the National Union of Journalists, which also has members in Ireland, according to NUJ is the cooperation of the Group in China’s censorship on the Internet.
In June 2007, there was a re-action of the World Organization for Human Rights, the Chinese government, Yahoo would have helped in the identification of dissident civil rights activists. [21]
In October 2009, reports the ZDNet Government blog that Yahoo should have during the protests in Iran provided data from 200,000 users of the Yahoo-government. [22] This hoax was rectified immediately. [23]
In April 2011 it was announced that Yahoo wants to keep its search engine data for 18 months. [24]
In November 2011, reported, the Dortmund Agency Gestaltmanufaktur that Yahoo with its terms and conditions for residential customers make t shirts might be contrary to German law. The requirements for a warning be given from the perspective of the Federation of Consumer Organizations, was quoted Officer Carola Elbrecht. Bone of contention a clause stating that users of certain Yahoo services for “responsible” is to be their partner communication about it, “informed” that the company evaluates the complete data exchange – among other promotional purposes. The charge of Yahoo data protection supervisory illuminating the case.